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STATE FRAGILITY AND TERRORISM: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN GOVERNANCE GAPS

AND THE RISE OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN NIGERIAAND SOMALIA

Akuche C. Chukwuebuka

Submitted

November 15, 2025

Accepted

December 5, 2025

Published

January 2, 2026
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Abstract

The persistence of violent extremism in Africa has drawn increasing scholarly and policy attention,with Nigeria and Somalia representing two of the most affected states. Both countries illustrate how fragile governance and weak state institutions enable extremist groups to rise and sustain themselves. Violent organizations such as Boko Haram, ISWAP, and Al-Shabaab have exploited poverty, marginalization, and the absence of effective state authority to entrench themselves as alternative providers of order and services. The problem lies in the inability of fragile states to adequately respond to the needs of their citizens while simultaneously confronting the threats posed by extremist actors. In Nigeria, insurgents thrive in regions where unemployment, corruption, and poor governance have alienated local populations. In Somalia, Al-Shabaab has embedded itself deeply in areas where the State has been absent for decades, offering rudimentary governance and exploiting clan divisions. These dynamics demonstrate that violent extremism is not merely a product of ideology but a reflection of profound governance gaps. The main objective of this study is to analyze the link between state fragility and terrorism, using Nigeria and Somalia as case studies, and to highlight the broader implications for peace and security. The findings show that extremist groups gain legitimacy by filling governance vacuums, and that purely military responses have failed to deliver long-term stability. The study concludes that countering violent extremism requires more than force; it requires governance reform, development, and regional cooperation. It recommends prioritizing inclusive governance, economic empowerment, accountable security institutions, and cross-border collaboration as essential steps towardaddressing the root causes of extremism and fostering lasting peace.

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